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Usability and function Ccleaner => Talk about computer software, it is not complete without also talking about Ccleaner, free software from Piriform.Inc. In addition to free, functions and advantages of this software is taken into account. So do not be surprised, if I put it on a list of software that needs to be installed on your computer or laptop.

You definitely want to maintain your computer's performance is not it? You'll also want to keep your computer running fast is not it? Well, this is where the importance install CCleaner, because this software can enable you to answer your wishes are. How to?

So you need to know in advance, that every time you turn on and start the computer, it will always lead to waste on that computer. Every application you open, every browser you use to surf, always raises history, junk, and cache. If it continues to landfills, will make hard disk space on the C drive becomes full, or make your operating system becomes impaired, and as a result your computer becomes slow.

Well, using CCleaner, you can clean up all of it. Of course, in a way that is easy and simple, because the software interface is very simple. Benefiting not? In fact there is another function other CCleaner, which of course you must know everything. What all does it do?

1. Cleaner
As the name suggests, that this is the first feature to clean up the rubbish as well as from the history file of the operating system and applications on the computer. I have also explained earlier, that the browser application such as mozilla firefox, google chrome, etc., it also raises the garbage, cache and history files that need to be cleaned every time.

For how to use, I have to write it down for you. Please read How to clean up the junk computer software CCleaner. But first you have to know how to How to Install Software Latest Ccleaner ya friend.

2. Registry
The next feature is the registry. Where the function to perform a scan on your computer registry, to find registry errors from the remnants registry application program that has been erased. Well, after getting a problem with the registry, you can use CCleaner to fix it.

3. Tools
In this feature, there are several sub features in it.

-Uninstal => That is to uninstall or delete the application program that has been installed on your computer. This feature is very nice, where you can choose the program you want to remove, and run CCleaner uninstall only through alone, without having to log in "add or remove programs" on the windows.

-Start Up => That is a feature used to set up any applications, which terload run at start up windows. It is also nice, you can use to turn off the application program is not important which should not need to run at start up windows. That meant that the windows are not too heavy loading.

-System Restore => Used to remove the "system restore point" on the windows. You need to know that in a state of default, "system restore" (feature windows) has been activated by the windows. Well, if the "system restore" is enabled, an automatic "system restore" it will make a back up regularly on your computer system.

So for example a "system restore" backing up your system today, then tomorrow you experience a computer software error, you can use "system restore" in the windows to restore the computer as today, when the error has not occurred.

And you need to know more, that results back up from the "system restore" that is stored in the computer is called the "system restore point". The more "system restore point" stacked by the windows, of course, increasingly burdening your computer

This is where the need for CCleaner, with its "system restore", can be used to remove the "system restore point" on your computer.
Wiper-drive => is a feature used to clean up the files that have been deleted, so that can not be restored using recovery software.

This is done, because every time you delete a file in your computer, by default windows will only remove the address where the file is stored. So what actually happens is that the file is still in your hard disk, and will be erased or overwritten if you enter a new file on the hard disk.
Why need to clean up the data that has been deleted? Just for your safety only. It may be that these data are extremely valuable for you, and you do not want the data known to others

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BitComet is a powerful, clean, fast, and easy-to-use bittorrent client. It is P2P file-sharing freeware fully compatible with Bittorrent, which is one of the most popular P2P protocol designed for high-speed distribution of 100MB or GB sized files. BitComet supports simultaneous downloads, a download queue, selected downloads in torrent package, fast-resume, chatting, disk cache, speed limits, auto-port mapping, proxy, and IP-filter

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Definition Surveillance In Organizations

The term supervision in English is called controlling, which by Dale (in Winardi, 2000: 224) it is stated that: "... the modern concept of control ... Provides a historical record of what has happened ... and Provides date the enable the ... executive ... to take corrective steps ... ". This means that monitoring does not only look at something carefully and report the results of overseeing the activities, but also connotes repair and straighten it so as to achieve the goals in accordance with what was planned. More (in Winardi, 2000: 226) states that: "... there's many a slip between giving works, assignments to men and carrying them out. Get reports of what is being done, compare it with what ought to be done, and do something about it if the two are not the same ".

Thus supervision is essentially an act of comparing the results in reality (das sein) with the desired result (das sollen). This is because between the two is often deviations, then the task of supervision is to correct the deviations over.

Supervision is the fourth managerial functions after the planning, organizing, and directing. As one of the functions of management, oversight mechanisms within an organization is absolutely necessary. Implementation of a plan or program without being accompanied by a surveillance system that is good and sustainable, will obviously result in slow or even not achieving the goals and objectives that have been determined.

Understanding of supervision is very diverse and a lot of opinions of experts who put forward, however, in principle, all of the opinion raised by the experts is the same, that is the act of comparing the results in reality (das sein) with the desired result (das sollen), which done in order to correct the deviations that occur in management activities. Here are some notion of the supervision of the experts:

Mockler (in Certo and Certo, 2006: 480) mentions supervision as: Controlling is a systematic effort by business management to compare performance to predetermined standards, plans, or objectives to Determine Whether the performance is in line with theses standards and presumably to take any remedial action required to see that human and other corporate resources are being used in the most effective and efficient way possible in Achieving corporate objectives.

The concept of surveillance of Mockler above, emphasis on three things, namely (1) must plan, standards or goals as benchmarks to be achieved, (2) the process of implementation of the work to achieve the desired goal, (3) the attempt to compare the what has been achieved with the standard, plans, or goals set, and (4) take corrective action as necessary. Thus the concept of supervision of Mockler is seen that there are activities that need to be planned in the form of benchmark criteria, norms and standards, then compared, which require corrections or improvements.

It also expressed by Admosudirdjo (in Febriani, 2005: 11) which says that: In essence, controlling or monitoring is a whole rather than activities that compare or measure what is or has been carried out with criteria, norms, standards or plans has been designated.

While Mockler (quoted Stoner & Freeman in Wilhelmus and Molan 1994: 241) says that: Control is a systematic effort to set performance standards with planning goals, designing the feed system? Behind the information, comparing actual performance with the standards first defined it, determine whether there are irregularities and measure the significance of the deviation, and take the necessary corrective actions to ensure that all the company's resources are being used wherever possible in a way that is most effective and efficient in order to achieve corporate goals.

Siagian (1990: 107) states that the definition of supervision is: "The process of observation rather than the implementation of all activities of the organization to ensure that all work is being done goes according to the plan that had been predetermined." The most important feature of the concept raised by siagian this is that supervision can only be applied for the jobs that are running and can not be applied for the jobs that have been completed.

Terry (in Winardi, 1986: 395) also argued about the meaning of this oversight, he said that: Oversight means determiner what is being implemented, meaning evaluating work performance and if necessary apply corrective measures so that the results of the work in accordance with the plans. So supervision can be regarded as an activity for finding and correcting deviations important in the outcome of the activities planned.

Koontz, et. al. (In Hutauruk, 1986: 195) states that: "Control is to measure and correct the work performance of subordinates to ensure that the objectives of the organization at all levels and plans designed to achieve, being implemented".

Sujamto (quoted Silalahi, 2002: 177) is firmly say: Control is any business or activity to ensure and directed that the work being carried out can be run in accordance with the predetermined plan and or the desired result and be in compliance with all rules and policies apply.

While the Institute of Public Administration (1996: 159) reveals that: Oversight is one of the organic function of management, which is the process of leadership to ensure and guarantee that the aims and objectives and tasks of the organization will be and have been performing well according to plan, policy, instruction, and provisions have been established and accepted. Supervision as a management function fully is the responsibility of every leader at any level. The essence of supervision is to prevent the occurrence of irregularities as early as possible, waste, fraud, obstacles, errors and failures in achieving the aims and objectives and the implementation of organizational tasks.

Based on the opinion of LAN above, it appears that the subject of the oversight is leadership. The same thing was also confirmed by Koontz, et. al. (In Hutauruk, 1986: 195) that: "The control function must be implemented by each manager, from director to supervisor".

While Sarwoto (in Febriani, 2005: 12) says: "Monitoring is an activity manager who arranged for the works accomplished in accordance with the established plan and or the desired result". From this Sarwoto opinion implicitly visible purpose of supervision is try to get the jobs done in accordance with the plan. All work is work that is being referred to in the implementation and not the jobs that have been completed.

In connection with the sense of control as a process as disclosed by LAN on top, Sukarno (in Situmorang and Juhir, 1994: 20) states that: "Monitoring is a process that determines what to do, so that what is done in line with the plan". Certo (in Maman Ukas, 2004: 337) says that: "Controlling is the process managers go trough to control". While Maman Ukas (2004: 337) states that:

Supervision is a process activity undertaken to monitor, measure and if necessary impose upon execution of the work so that what has been planned to be implemented in accordance with the desired objectives

The same thing was stated by Manullang (1977: 136) that: "Supervision is a process to establish what work has been carried out, vote and correct if necessary with the intention that the implementation of the work in accordance with the original plan." In essence, the views Manullang above also stressed that supervision is a process in which the work is carried out and then assess whether in accordance with a predetermined plan or deviations, and not only to the discovery of irregularities but also how to take measures changes and improvements so that the organization remains in a healthy condition.

Based on the understanding of experts on supervision as to which was described above, it can be concluded that the definition of control is as a process of leadership systematically to compare (make sure and guarantee) that the aims and objectives and tasks of the organization to be and well implemented in accordance with the standard, plans, policies, instructions and provisions that have been established and accepted, and to take the necessary corrective action, for utilization of human and other resources that are most effective and efficient in achieving corporate goals

Getting to know the ins and outs of Management Control (Controlling)

DEFINITION OF SUPERVISION :
According to Robert J. Mockler supervision is a systematic effort sets the standard implementation with the aim of planning, system design information feedback, benchmarking concrete activities with standard, determination and measurement deviations and taking corrective action to ensure that all available resources have been used effectively and efficient.

Control / Monitoring is the process of directing a set of variables / elements (people, equipment, machinery, organization) towards the achievement of a goal or purpose of management. Control and monitoring is needed to determine whether the implementation of an organization's activities in accordance with the plans and objectives that have been outlined or defined. Supervision (controlling) is a management function that is no less important in an organization. All the previous functions, will not be effective without the oversight function. In this case, Louis E. Boone and David L. Kurtz (1984) gives the formulation of oversight as: "... the process by roomates manager Determine Wether actual operation are consistent with plans".

Thus, supervision is an activity that seeks to control so that the implementation can be run in accordance with the plans and determine whether to achieve organizational goals. When a deviation occurs where the irregularities and how the actions needed to address them.

Furthermore also argued by T. Hani Handoko that the regulatory process has five stages, namely:
(A) setting standards implementation;
(B) the determination of the measurement of the implementation of activities;
(C) measuring the implementation of concrete activities;
(D) benchmarking activities with the implementation of standards and analyzing deviations
(E) taking corrective action, if necessary.

Management functions running interact and intertwined with each other, resulting in what is called the management process. Thus, the management process is actually a process of interaction between the various management functions.

Oversight:
That is a process to establish the work already done, assess and correct for the implementation of the work in accordance with the original plan.

PROCESS CONTROL OF STAGES
1. Phase Determination Standards
The goal is to be goals, quotas, and the target implementation that is used as a benchmark in decision making. A common standard form, namely:
a. physical standards
b. monetary standard
c. standard time

2. Determination Phase Measurement Implementation Activities
Used as the basis for the implementation of the activities carried out appropriately

3. Implementation Phase Activity Measurement
Some processes are repeatedly and continuously, in the form above, observations, reports, methods, testing, and samples.

4. Implementation of the Phase Benchmarking and Analysis Standard Deviation
Used to determine the cause of the deviation and analyze why this is so, it is also used as decision making tools like the manager.

Stage 5. Taking Corrective Action
If it is known in practice there are deviations, where there needs to be improvement in the implementation

FORMS OF SUPERVISION
1. Supervision Predecessor (feedforward control, steering controls)
The standard deviation is designed to anticipate and allow for corrections made before the activity is resolved. This supervision will be effective when the manager can find the information accurate and timely information about changes or development purposes.

2. Concurrent Control (concurrent control)
That supervision "Yes-No", which is an aspect of the procedure must meet the requirements set before the activities undertaken to ensure accurate implementation of activities.

3. Monitoring Feedback (feedback control, past-action controls)
That measure results of an activity that has been carried out, in order to measure the deviations that may occur or not in accordance with the standards.

METHODS OF SUPERVISION
Methods of supervision can be grouped into two sections; surveillance of non-quantitative and quantitative monitoring

a. Non-quantitative surveillance
Non-quantitative supervision does not involve numbers and can be used to monitor the achievements of the organization as a whole. The techniques commonly used are:
1) Observation (control with observation). Observation is aimed at controlling the activities or products that can be observed.
2) Inspection regularly and directly. Regular inspections conducted periodically by observing the activities or products that can be observed.
3) oral and written reports. Oral and written reports to provide information needed to quickly accompanied by feed-back from the subordinate with relatively quickly.
4) Evaluation of the implementation. Evaluation of the implementation of all the policies that have been set.
5) The discussion between managers and subordinates on the implementation of an activity. This can be a means of controlling for potential problems can be diagnosed and solved together.
6) Management by Exception (MBE). Conducted with respect to the significant difference between planned and realized. The technique is based on the principle of exclusion. The principle says that subordinates do all the regular activities, while the manager only the activity is not routine.

b. Quantitative supervision
Supervision involves quantitative numbers to assess an achievement. Some of the techniques that can be used in quantitative surveillance are:

1) Budget
- The operating budget, capital expenditure budgets, sales budgets, the cash budget
- A specific budget, such as planning programming, bud getting system (PBS), zero-base budgeting (ZBB), and human resource accounting (HRA)

2) Audit
- Internal Audit
Objective: to help all members of management in carrying out their responsibilities, by filing an analysis, assessment, recommendation and comments on their activities.
- External Audit
Objective: Determine whether the financial statements present fairly the financial condition and results of the company, dilakasanakan examination by parties independent of the influence of management.

3) Analysis of break-even
Analyze and describe the relationship of cost and income to determine at any volume that the total cost so did not experience a gain or loss.

4) Analysis of the ratio
Menyankut two types of comparisons
1. Compare this with the current Rasia Rasia Rasia-past
2. Comparing Rasia Rasia-a company with other similar companies

5) Part of the techniques associated with the time implementation of activities, such as:
Chart 1. Change
Bagan which has output on one axis and a time unit disumbu other and show the planned activities and activities that have been completed in the relationship between each activity and in relation to time.
2. Program Evaluation and reviw Technique (PERT)
Designed to perform scheduling and supervision of projects - projects that are complex and require the activity - specific activities that must be executed in a certain order and limited by time.

The conditions for running a good observation, namely:
1. Supervision shall support the activities of the nature and needs.
2. Supervision must report any irregularities that occur immediately.
3. Supervision must have foresight.
4. Monitoring should be objective, thorough, and in accordance with the standards that are used.
5. Monitoring shall be flexible or inflexible.
6. Supervision must be matched with the pattern of organization.
7. Supervision must be economical.
8. Monitoring should be easy to understand.
9. Monitoring should be followed by improvement or correction.

In order to properly implement the monitoring, surveillance should:
• Economical
• Easy to understand
• The existence of corrective actions
• Report deviations that may occur

The purpose of supervision is implemented:
a. to make the implementation and results of operations in accordance with the plans and objectives.
b. To solve the problem
c. Reductions to the risk of failure of a plan
d. To make changes - changes or repairs - repairs.
e. To know the weaknesses - weaknesses implementation is

AGENTS OR IMPLEMENTING MONITORING AND CONTROL
Supervision and Control is done by:
a. The management on each - each organizational function.
b. Outdoor party management (Auditor)

Types of Monitoring
The types of monitoring can be viewed from three terms
a. Time
b. Object
c. Subject

a. Supervision in terms of time
Supervision in terms of time can be done preventively and reprensif. The equipment used in surveillance is planning budget, while the budget monitoring and reporting tools repensif.

b. Supervision in terms of the objective
Supervision in terms of the objective is to supervise the production and so on. There are also saying the employees in terms of objects daru an administrative oversight and watchdogs operative. Examples of administrative supervision is budget control, inspection, monitoring and supervision order of wisdom.

c. Supervision in terms of the subject
Supervision in terms of the subject consists of the internal control and external supervision.
Internal Audit

Internal control in a company is usually conducted by the company's control (internal auditor). Written reports from subordinates to superiors generally consist of:
a. Daily Report
b. Weekly report
c. Monthly report
d. Special reports
e. Daily Report

External oversight
Supervision publict ekstren accountant (certified public accountant). publication of the balance sheet and income statement that caused the course of the company wajibdi check by a public accountant.

As for the public examination conducted by public accountants can be divided into 4 groups
a. general inspection
Examination of the general public or the audit was a routine inspection of the accuracy of data on the administration of the company.

b. Special examination
Special examination or spesical anfestigation is a special examination is assigned to a public accountant.

c. examination of Balance
Examination of the balance sheet, also known as drngan balance sheet audit means a special examination of the company balance sheet.

d. perfect examination
A semputna examination (audit details) linked to the special examination.

Design Process Monitoring
William H. Newman establish procedures for surveillance system, which put forward the five kinds of approaches, namely:
1. Defining the desired result, which is associated with individuals who carry out.
2. Establish guidelines, with the aim to address and correct deviations before finalized activity, namely by:
a. measurement input
b. results in the early stages
c. symptoms encountered
d. changes in the assumed condition
3. Set the standard instructions and results, linked to conditions faced.
4. Establish a network of information and feedback, where the communication control based on the principle of management by exception that superiors be informed in case of deviation from the standard.
5. Assess the information and take corrective action, if necessary, an action to be replaced

Some Understanding and Concepts About the Supervision

Supervision is the process in setting performance measures and taking actions that can support the achievement of the expected results in accordance with the set performance. Controlling is the process of measuring performance and taking action to Ensure desired results.

Supervision is the process of ensuring that all activities are carried out in accordance with what has been planned. The process of ensuring that actual activities conform to the planned activities

According Winardi "Surveillance is all the activities carried out by the managers in an effort to make sure that the actual results correspond to planned results". Meanwhile, according to Basu Private "Oversight is a function that ensures that activities can provide desired results".

Meanwhile, according to Komaruddin "Supervision is related to the ratio between the actual implementers, plans, and initial activities. Supervision is required for corrective measures against irregularities and plan meaningful ".

Supervision is an effort that systematic set of performance standards on planning to system design information feedback, to compare actual performance with the prescribed standards, to establish whether there has been a deviation, as well as to take the necessary corrective action to ensure that all sources power companies or governments have been used as effectively and efficiently as possible in order to achieve the objectives of the company or the government.

From the opinions of the above it can be deduced that the monitoring is important in running a plan. With the supervision of the plan is expected by the management can be met and runs well.

Supervision is basically geared entirely to avoid the possibility of fraud or irregularities on the objectives to be achieved. through surveillance is expected to help implement the policies that have been established to achieve the objectives that have been planned effectively and efficiently. In fact, through oversight created an activity that is closely related to the determination or evaluation of the extent of implementation of the work already carried out. Supervision is also able to detect the extent of the leadership of the run and the extent of such irregularities that occurred in the execution of the work.

Concepts such surveillance actually shows that supervision is part of the management function, which is considered a form inspection supervision or control of the party over the top to the underneath. "In the science of management, control is placed as the last stage of the management function. In terms of managerial, supervisory implies well as:

"Observations on the implementation of all activities of the organizational unit that is checked to ensure that all work being carried out in accordance with the plans and regulations."
or
"An attempt that a work can be carried out in accordance with a predetermined plan, and the lack of oversight can minimize the occurrence of problems, whereas barriers that have occurred can be immediately known which can then be carried out corrective actions."

Meanwhile, in terms of administrative law, surveillance is defined as
"The process of comparing what was executed, implemented, or held it with what was intended, planned, or ordered."

The results of this monitoring shall be able to demonstrate to what extent there is a match and mismatch and find the causes of discrepancies arise. In the context of building management of public administration which is characterized by good governance (good governance), supervision is an important aspect to keep the government running properly function. In this context, monitoring becomes as important as the implementation of good governance itself.

In relation to public accountability, oversight is one way to build and maintain the legitimacy of the citizens against the government's performance by creating an effective monitoring system, better internal control (internal control) as well as external control (external control). In addition to encouraging their community supervision (social control).

Target surveillance is finding that the deviation of the plan or the target. Meanwhile, the actions that can be done is:
a. direct or recommend improvements;
b. suggested that reduced their waste;
c. optimizing the work to achieve plan targets

Basically, there are several types of monitoring can be carried out, namely:
1. Control of Internal and External
Internal control is supervision carried out by persons or entities that exist within the organizational unit concerned. "Supervision in the form of this can be done by monitoring their immediate supervisor or supervisory embedded (built-in control) or the monitoring is done routinely by the general inspectorate on each ministry and inspectorate region for every region in Indonesia, by placing it under the supervision of the Interior Ministry.

External oversight is an examination conducted by a monitoring unit that is outside the organizational unit supervised. In this case in Indonesia is the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK), which is a high state institution that apart from the influence of any power. In doing so, the CPC does not ignore the results of the inspection report internal control apparatus of government, so it is appropriate between the two needs to be realized in the process of harmonization of state financial oversight. Thus harmonization process does not reduce the independence of the CPC to impartially and objectively assess government activities

2. Supervision of Preventive and Repressive
Preventive supervision intended more as an "oversight conducted on an activity before the activity was carried out, so as to prevent the occurrence of irregularities." Normally, this oversight is done by the government in order to avoid any irregularities implementation of state finances that will charge and cost the country more. On the other hand, is also intended to control budget execution system can run as desired. Preventive supervision would be more useful and meaningful if performed by a direct supervisor, so that irregularities are likely to do will be detected early.

On the other hand, the repressive supervision is "monitoring conducted on an activity after the activity is undertaken." Control of this model is typically done at the end of the fiscal year, in which the pre-determined budget and then submitted his report. Afterwards, examination and oversight to determine the possibility of irregularities

3. Monitoring of Active and Passive
Close supervision of (active) is done as a form of "supervision conducted in the activities concerned." It's different with the supervision of remote (passive) providing oversight through "research and testing of the letters accountability accompanied by evidence of receipt and spending."

On the other hand, supervision by inspection of the truth of formal according to rights (rechmatigheid) is "an examination of the expenditure is in accordance with the regulations, does not expire, and the right was proven true." Meanwhile, the right based on the examination of truth material about the purpose expenditures (doelmatigheid) is "examination of whether the spending has fulfilled the principle of economy, namely the expenditure required and the costs as low as possible."

4. Control of formal correctness under the right (rechtimatigheid) and examination of material truth about the purpose expenditures (doelmatigheid).
In relation to the state administration, supervision intended to prevent "corruption, fraud, and waste the state budget that focused on personnel or civil servants." With the exercise of the oversight and management accountability expected budget and state policies capable of running as planned

Purpose and Objective Surveillance

The realization of the desired objectives by the organization in fact it is the purpose of supervision. For each activity basically always has a specific purpose to be achieved. Therefore, monitoring is absolutely necessary in achieving such a goal.

According Situmorang and Juhir, the purpose of supervision is to:
1. Knowing the course of the work, whether current or not
2. Fix the mistakes made by employees and conduct prevention does not reoccur same mistakes or the emergence of a new error.
3. Find out if the use of a budget that has been set in the plan directed to the targets and in accordance with what has been planned.
4. Knowing implementation in accordance with the work program (phase implementation level) as determined in the planning or not.
5. Knowing the results compared with the work that has been set in the planning, which is standard

Rachman (in Situmorang and Juhir, 1994: 22) also argues about the purpose of supervision, namely:
1. To find out if everything goes according to a predetermined plan
2. To determine whether everything has been going according to the instructions and the principles that have been established
3. To determine whether the weaknesses and difficulties and failures, so that it can be held changes to correct and prevent repetition of events wrong.
4. To find out if everything is running efficiently and whether it can be held further improvements, so it gets the correct more efficiency

From both the above opinion can be concluded that the purpose of supervision is to investigate the implementation of the work, work, and everything is as planned or not, as well as measure the error rate so as to be fixed to a better direction.

With regard to the purpose of supervision, Ukas Maman (2004: 337) argues:
1. Supplying employees with management information that is accurate, thorough and comprehensive account of what will be implemented.
2. Provide opportunities for employees to foresee obstacles that would interfere with work productivity carefully and take appropriate measures to eliminate or reduce the disturbances that occur.
3. After both of the above have been implemented, then the employee can bring to the final step in achieving maximum labor productivity and a satisfactory achievement of the expected results.

Situmorang and Juhir (1994: 26) says that the purpose of supervision is:
1. In order for the creation of a clean and respectable officials are supported by a management system of government that is efficient (and effective and supported by the construction of community participation and control in the form of community supervision (social control) objective, healthy and responsible.
2. In order for the implementation of administrative discipline within the government apparatus, the growth of a healthy work discipline.
3. For the breadth of the duties, functions or activities, a culture of shame in their? Own apparatus, guilt and sin more depth to do it? It is disgraceful to society and religious teachings.

Further Situmorang and Juhir (1994: 26) argues that direct supervision objectives are to:
1. Ensure the implementation of the provisions in accordance with the plans, policies and orders.
2. order the coordination of activities? Activities
3. Prevent waste and fraud
4. Ensure the establishment of community satisfaction with the goods or services produced
5. To foster public confidence in the leadership of the organization

While monitoring purposes by Soekarno (in Safrudin, 1965: 36) is: To determine whether something is going according to plan, outlined, find out if something is implemented in accordance with the instructions and principles are determined, knowing the difficulties and weaknesses in the work, find out if something is running efficiently or not, and find a way out if it encountered difficulties, weaknesses, or failure to improvement.

Based on expert opinions above, it can be seen that in essence the purpose of supervision is:
1. Comparing the implementation of the plans and instructions that have been made.
2. To determine whether there is any trouble? Difficulties, weaknesses or failures as well as efficiency and effectiveness.
3. To find a way out if there are difficulties, weakness and failure, or in other words the so-called corrective action.

Stages In Process Control

In conducting supervision over subordinates carried out by the manager or supervisor should be conducted stage or the regulatory process. According Kadarman (2001, p. 161) steps oversight process, namely: a. Setting the Standard Because the plan is a benchmark for designing the surveillance, then logically this means that the first step in the regulatory process is to formulate a plan. Planning is meant here is setting standards. b. measure performance The second step in monitoring is to measure or evaluate the performance achieved against predetermined standards. c. Correcting Irregularities The regulatory process is not complete if no remedial action against the deviations that occur.

Meanwhile, according to G. R. Terry in Sukama (1992, p. 116) the regulatory process is divided into four stages, namely:
1. Determine the basis for a standard or control.
2. Measure implementation
3. Comparing the implementation of standards and find the differences, if any.
4. Improve irregularities in ways appropriate action.

From the above opinion can be concluded that the process of monitoring carried out by several steps that must be done. The first thing to do is to establish standards for supervising the planning so that managers have a clear standard.

The next thing to do is to measure the performance of employees, the extent to which employees can apply the planning that has been created or established by the company so that the company can achieve its objectives optimally. Then after the set standards and measure the performance of the thing to do is to compare the implementation of the standards that have compared the implementation of the standards that have been set. And the last is to repair if found deviations that occur.

Some theories of the causes of conflict

Some theories of the causes of conflict

The main theories about the causes of the conflict are:

The theory of public relations
Considers that the conflict caused by the ongoing polarization, mistrust and hostility between different groups in a society.

Goal: improve communication and understanding between groups in conflict, as well as cultivate tolerance and so that more people can be mutually accept the diversity that exists in it.

The theory of human needs
Considers that rooted conflicts caused by basic human needs (physical, mental and social) are not met or obstructed. It is often at the core of the talks was the security, identity, recognition, participation, and autonomy.

Goal: to identify and pursue shared their needs are not met, as well as generating options to meet those needs.

Theory negotiating principles
Considers that the conflict caused by the positions that are not aligned and differing views on the conflict by the parties in conflict.

Goal: to help the conflicting parties to separate personal feelings with various problems and issues and enable them to negotiate their own interests rather than specific positions that have been fixed. Then launch a process of agreement that benefits both sides or all sides.

identity theory
Assume that the conflict caused by the threatened identity, which is often rooted in the loss of something or suffering in the past have not been resolved.

Goal: through the facilities of workshops and dialogue between the parties in conflict, so as to identify the threat and fear among the parties and establish empathy and reconciliation between them.

Theory of misunderstanding between cultures
Assume that the conflict caused by discrepancies in the ways of communication between different cultures.

Goal: increase the knowledge of the parties in conflict about the culture of others, reducing the negative streotip they have on the other hand, increase the effectiveness of communication between cultures.

The theory of conflict transformation
Assume that the conflict caused by the problems of inequality and injustice that appears as a social, cultural and economic

Goal: to change the structure and framework that led to inequalities and injustices including economic inequality, improve the fabric of relationships and attitudes in the long term between the conflicting parties, to develop processes and systems to promote empowerment, justice, peace, forgiveness, reconciliation, recognition.

Conflict Resolution Strategies

Conflict Resolution Strategies

According Stevenin (2000, pp.134-135), there are five steps achieve peace in the conflict. Whatever the source of the problem, the following five steps are fundamental in overcoming the difficulties:

1. Introduction
The gap between the existing situation or identified and how things should be. The only thing that acts as a trap is an error in detecting (do not care about any problems or assume there is a problem when it does not exist).

2. Diagnosis
This is the most important step. And true method has been tested on the who, what, why, where, and how it worked perfectly. Focus on major issues and not on trivial matters.

3. Agree on a solution
Gather input on possible escape of the people involved in it. Filter the solution is inapplicable or impractical. Never completed in a way that is not too good. Look for the best.

4. Implementation
Remember that there will always be advantages and disadvantages. But be careful, do not let this consideration unduly influence the selection and direction on specific groups.

5. Evaluation
The settlement itself can give birth to a series of new problems. If the solution appears not succeed, go back to previous steps and try again.

Stevenin (1993: 139-141) also explained that when experiencing conflict, there are things that should not be done in the midst of the conflict, namely:
1. Do not be lost in a power struggle with others. There is a saying in the community that can not be denied, saying: when the authority to increase the power goes down, and vice versa.
2. Do not be too detached from the conflict. The dynamics and outcome of the conflict can be handled best is when resolved from within, without involving a third party.
3. Do not let the vision established by the existing conflict. Keep your perspective by concentrating on key issues. The most urgent problem is not necessarily the greatest opportunity.

According Wijono (1993: 42-125) strategies to resolve conflicts, namely:
1. Strategies to Overcome Conflict In the Individual Self (Intraindividual Conflict)
According Wijono (1993: 42-66), to resolve conflict within the individual is required at least seven strategies, namely:
1) Creating contacts and build relationships
2) Fostering confidence and acceptance
3) Growing abilities / powers themselves
4) Set Goals
5) Looking for some alternative
6) Choose alternative
7) Plan the implementation of exit

2. Strategies to Overcome the Conflict Between Personal (Interpersonal Conflict)
According Wijono (1993: 66-112), to resolve conflict within the individual is required at least three strategies, namely:

1) Lose-Lose Strategy (Lose-Lose Strategy)
Oriented on two individuals or groups who are equally lost. Typically individuals or groups of warring take the middle path (compromise) or pay a group of people involved in the conflict or use the services of a third person or group as a mediator.

In a lose-lose strategy, conflict can be resolved by involving a third party if the talks reached a stalemate. Then the third party is invited to intervene by the parties to the dispute or may act on its own accord. There are two major types of third-party intervention, namely:

a. Arbitration (Arbitration)
Arbitration is a procedure in which a third party to listen to both parties to the dispute, a third party acting as judge and arbiter in determining the settlement of the conflict through a binding agreement.

b. Mediation (Mediation)
Mediation is used by the Mediator to resolve the conflict as resolved by abriator, as a mediator does not have the authority to direct the warring parties and the recommendations given are not binding.

2) Win-Lose Strategy (Win-Lose Strategy)
In strategy I win you lose (win lose strategy), emphasizing the one of the parties in conflict suffered another defeat but victory.

Some of the means used to resolve conflicts in a win-lose strategy (Wijono, 1993: 44), can be through:
a. The withdrawal, which is a process of conflict resolution between two or more parties are not satisfied as a result of the dependence of the task (task independence).
b. Tactics smoothing and peace, by taking action for peace with the opposition to avoid confrontation of differences and vagueness in the limits of the field work (jurisdictioanal ambiquity).
c. Persuasion, namely to persuade the other to change its position to consider factual information relevant to the conflict, due to barriers of communication (communication barriers).
d. Coercion and suppression tactics, using the formal power to show the strength (power) through the authoritarian attitude as it is influenced by the properties of the individual (individual traits).
e. Tactics oriented bargaining and exchange agreements in order to reach a compromise that is acceptable to both sides, to resolve conflicts related to competition of the sources (competition for resources) is optimal for the parties concerned.

3) Strategies Win-Win (Win-Win Strategy)
Completion considered humane, because it uses all the knowledge, attitudes and skills create a relationship of communication and interaction that can make the parties involved mutually feel safe from threats, feel valued, creating a conducive atmosphere and the opportunity to develop their potential in solving conflict. So the strategy is to help solve the problem of the parties involved in the conflict, not just a cornered man.

Win-win strategy rarely used in the organization and the industry, but there are two ways in which this strategy can be used as alternative solutions to interpersonal conflict, namely:
a. Integrated problem solving (Integrative Problem Solving) Attempts to resolve by consensus or integrate the needs of both parties.
b. Consultation process between the parties (Inter-Party Process Consultation) In the resolution through consultation process, the process is usually handled by consultants, where they do not have the authority to resolve conflicts with authority or judge one or both parties to the conflict

3. Conflict Resolution Strategies Organization (Organizational Conflict)
According Wijono (1993, pp.113-125), there are several strategies that can be used to anticipate organizational conflict are:

1) Approach Bureaucratic (Bureaucratic Approach)
Conflicts arise because of the bureaucratic relationship that occurs vertically and to face the vertical conflict this model, managers tend to use a hierarchical structure (hierarchical structure) in its relationship otokritas. Conflicts occur due to the leadership of trying to control all the activities and actions carried out by his subordinates. Strategies for solving conflicts like this are usually used as a replacement of bureaucratic regulations to control the private subordinates. Bureaucratic approach (Bureaucratic Approach) within the organization aims to anticipate vertical conflict (hirarkie) approximated by using a structural hierarchy (hierarchical structural).

2) Approach Authoritative Intervention in Conflict Lateral (Lateral Authoritative Intervention in Conflict)
In the event of a conflict lateral, usually be resolved by the parties involved in the conflict. Then, if it turns out conflict can not be resolved constructively, usually the manager directly intervene otoratif both sides.

3) Approach System (System Approach)
Model bargaining approach emphasizes the issues of competition and bureaucratic approach model emphasizes the difficulties in control, then the system approach (System Approach) is to coordinate the conflict problems that arise.
This approach emphasizes the relationship between the horizontal lateral and marketing functions with the production in an organization.

4) Structural Reorganization (Structural Reorganization)
Approach can be through changing the system to look at the possibility of a structural reorganization to align the different interests and goals to be achieved both parties, such as forming a new container in non-formal to resolve conflicts protracted as a result of mutual dependence of the task (task interdependence) in achieving the different interests and goals so that the function of the organization becomes blurred.

Understanding Conflict Management Comfortable To Work

Understanding Conflict Management Comfortable To Work

Regardless of where you work will always be haunted by various problems. Not surprisingly, when many workers often catapult complaint.

The problem is, these complaints will not solve the problem in the office, instead it makes you more depressed that can cause severe stress.

As reported on page shineyahoo.com, following complaints often asked the workers, and to know the solution:

Salary
At some point in your career, you will be dissatisfied with the salary. Either that, because their numbers are low or feel are not compensated accordingly.

But, instead of continuing to complain without no results, try try to work consistently deliver the best results for the company. Because ideally, your salary should reflect your contributions to the company. If you feel you have finished all the tasks perfectly, you could be facing an employer to ask for consideration for a raise.
Allowance
If the company had to choose between laying off 10 people or cut benefits transporasi, what is your opinion? Obviously, you would prefer the company is not doing layoffs, right?

Rather than complain about bad luck, it is better to think positively and creatively to seek personal allowance funds. Rather than expecting benefits from the office, you can do a small business as an extra income. For example, the snack food business. Worth a try, right?

Personal problems
Whatever your personal problems, it is not appropriate to be shared with co-workers. Instead of all the inhabitants of the office will know your personal problems, which could lead to office gossip.

Your job as a worker in the office should be separate from your personal life. If you still want to vent your problems, select coworkers who can be trusted, so that personal problems do not spread everywhere.

Workload
Complain of having too much workload, it can inhibit the activity of the office. The stack of work does not make you stress, make a list of priorities. Do it one by one.

So rather than spend the time to complain, better save your energy for more important things and concentrate on getting things done. That way you will become more productive work teams.

Food
If difficult to find food in the office, why should complain. Try to arrange to bring food from home. You will save a lot of money and may be able to get more healthy food.

Having co-workers or partners with annoying behavior was sometimes very unpleasant. Communicate or cooperate with partners such be the last option in your mind.

Words expressed by colleagues or superiors often offended even if you have done the responsibility and obligation. Small mistake, make your immediate supervisor reprimanded. Or, it could be a co-worker asks you to do something like a boss.

As reported by The Frisky, leadership expert and psychologist Sylvia LaFair opened the reasons behind the behavior is annoying coworkers. According to him, annoying behavior at work is rooted in the experiences in childhood.

Sylvia offers a new technique for identifying the origin of poor work habits and defuse the dangerous habit. The first step to identify work patterns do not work in the office. After that, make changes thoroughly.

Books by Sylvia LaFair, 'Dont Bring It To Work' describes several types of behavioral dysfunction in the workplace as well as the causes of their childhood wounds.

1. persecutors (Persecutor)
People of this type did not hesitate to organize small things and attention to the violations of others. Some of its characteristics is the passive-aggressive email that tend to blame others.

Why is this happening? People like this grow up with abuse or neglect of the elderly.

2. Pretend (Denier)
Employees of this type of unrealistic and pretend there is no problem at work or office conditions. When the office of financial loss and severe crises, the opinion of most people is "Companies will go bankrupt". They will keukeuh by saying, "There will be a bonus for everyone!"

The possibility of this type of person is that they come from families who are afraid to talk about things unpleasant.

3. avoidance (Avoider)
He was the first to avoid or out of the office every time a meeting will take place that will deliver 'bad news' or before the deadline. Why, in childhood, their parents too judgmental or do not have a strong relationship with parents.

4. The Achievement (Super Achiever)
People like this are pushing themselves to continue to excel in everything. They were dreaming to always make a profit for himself. People like this will feel like a failure if there is anything that implies that they have made a mistake. Thus, every effort, this type will try to make others look bad.

In childhood, usually people like to have the experience of shame or tragedy in the family. Then, they tried to make up for it by all means.

5. Martyr
These people do the work everyone. They come early every day and working late every night. They are also proud and always tell everyone.

The main reason of this type of worker behavior is a childhood they are trying to please parents who do not like their dreams.

Is one type sound familiar to you?

So what if we're bored with monotonous work? Do not let this sense protracted as it will only create pressure and interfere with the work load.

Need a strategy to come out of it in order to keep good work performance. There are small things that can be done to give a sense of comfort when working, as follows:

1. Lava lamps and greenery
Bring these two types of objects to the office as a work friend. Both scientifically proven to reduce stress and improve health in the workplace.

Movement of lava lamps visually gives a sense of relaxation. While the green plants soothes and increases job satisfaction. Research shows that green plants have a greater advantage than the window.

2. Conflict management
Train yourself facing such conflicts of office politics, mental tension and unpleasant treatment from superiors or colleagues. You will be able to calm down and handle it when the problem occurred.

Books and courses related to communication, relationships between colleagues and employee interactions needed to strengthen professional relationships better.

3. Schedule a day 'Mental Health'
Schedule one day of work every few months just to relax and spend leisure time at home. Although it is sometimes difficult to get off for no apparent reason from the company or employer, you should try.

4. Handle health problems
If you ignore minor ailments such as abdominal pain, stress, headache, or fatigue, labor productivity could be disrupted. Immediately consult a doctor to handle it. This is important.

Especially when you have just been promoted. Research has shown that when the new position, the employee has to adjust to the constraints and higher stress.

5. Identify yourself
Respect yourself and feel comfortable with your personality. For example, a person with an introverted personality might seem odd or antisocial. They usually do not realize is very different from the extrovert who likes to hang out.

Relationship Entrepreneurship And Managerial Capabilities

Relationship Entrepreneurship And Managerial Capabilities

An entrepreneur is someone who has the characteristics of initiative, responsibility or authority and forward-looking to reach business success. Entrepreneurship is the attitude and outlook of someone who has creative action in building the value of something that does not appear previously to something tangible.

Not many opinions that say that there is a close relationship between management capacity is owned by someone with entrepreneurial. Two of these have different characteristics in running a company. Hoselits said that there are major differences between managerial and entrepreneurial activity. Both these activities have different roles but have different motivations they may even have a different personality types.

Capacity management is concerned with a person's ability to carry out management functions such as planning, budgeting, implementation and control of the activities of the company. Event management is more formal, scientific, and therefore are more common. Management is in the form of tools and techniques based on rational considerations and trials aimed at solving problems in ways that actually similar in a variety of business situations.

Meanwhile entrepreneurship is an activity of a person more flexible, more informal, more emphasis on intuition rather than a scientific study in decision making. Entrepreneurs who succeed are usually independent, clever and competitive. In making the business agenda often do not consider the other actors so that when a company becomes large and complex, an entrepreneur is hard to control their business activities without coming in contact with aspects of management.

Full management capacity is strongly supported by strong personal aspects and adequate. A person's decision making process concerning aspects of planning, implementation and control will be determined by a person's biographical background, his astute ability to do business and a strong desire and motivation. These factors are very much determined by the physical environment and institutional likungan where the person lived and grew up. It is these factors that make up a person WED. In other words, entrepreneurial person has received a decision affecting someone in his business

Principles and Standards Management Companies

Principles and Standards Management Companies

Here are the components of the business:
* Management, which is part of the plan, manage and run the business. This component can be referred to as the backend component that is behind the scenes.
* The power of the brand or image, the charisma, the emotional strength which is owned by the company and represent the views / feelings of the people against the company or product.
* Product or Service, components which are sold or offered to the market. This component can be referred to as a front end for this component is located in the front. This component is dealing with the public.
* Partner, which is party to assist in running the business.
* Customer, that the parties will accept the offer or purchase the products and services offered.

I will discuss the components one by one along the above criteria, the principle and standards need to be met for each component to function optimally as expected. Each component can not stand alone because of interference on one component will interfere with other components. I will write my thoughts based on experience, business management books, and case studies on specific firms. In this post I will discuss the management component. And I will continue in subsequent writings.

Management

The management of an enterprise is the lifeblood of a company. Management determines the growth or bankruptcy of a company. With a comprehensive management and good management of a company will be able to withstand all pressures, constraints and obstacles. It will even develop into a bigger and better again. In managing the company then there principles and standards where these things will greatly help the development of the company if well implemented. Principle and this standard is not the absolute value in the success of a company. Not always a company that has done everything well to be successful. Sometimes there are some obstacles or obstructions that can not be avoided for example fooled colleagues or affected as well as other constraints.

Here are some principles and standards that are expected to support the advancement and development of an enterprise:

1. Perancanaan Mature
Before a firm stand then usually initial capital is an obstacle that must be met before the company runs. Not always a huge capital definitely gives a big advantage. Effective capital management and efficient will provide the maximum benefit. For us we have to do the calculations of capital and operating costs required to run the company in the foreseeable future. We must be able to provide a secure budget for the company's operations in some future time. So instead of securing the budget just for today and tomorrow. With the security budget in the long term, the company will be able to survive when experiencing problems or disasters that are sudden and not taken into account previously.

By doing planning and design company in a mature company will be ready to face a variety of constraints and obstacles as calculated previously. For instance in making a product then we have to do some research first on the market, consumers, competitors' products, and the constraints that might arise so that our products do not fall right on target and when exposed to the pressures and constraints that arise. Today the use of information technology in business activity is able to facilitate and speed up the planning company. The system used is called Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system which is planning with the concept of Operations Management with an integrated application. Some management activities can be helped with this system such as inventory management, financial management, reporting, manufacturing management, and other activities

2. Human Resources Quality, Loyal, and Welfare.
Human resources (HR) quality is the key driver of the company. With the company's human resources able to move well, then a company will be able to grow and do business effectively and efficiently. Qualified human resources are not enough to run the company in the long term. Required employee loyalty to the company where he works. By building an emotional connection between the company and its employees then an employee will make every effort to provide the best contribution for the company. Without the emotional relationship between the company and employees the employee only perform their duties without giving all its capabilities for the enterprise. When the obligations have been done then he will just walk in place without delivering innovation, creativity, and a brilliant idea that could be done if the employee has an emotional bond that makes him want to help build and develop the company to be better.

Qualified human resources, and are not necessarily loyal to contribute the best he had. Humans who have needs will certainly strive in order to meet all his needs. If an employee feels that its income does not meet their needs then of course he will try to find a way to be able to meet all its needs. When this happens the employee seeking a side job that will take time, thought, and energy so that he can not give his ability to the fullest in the company. Why sometimes some companies conduct meetings, or budgeting in the office when they have the same amenities with the hotel? Maybe for some people this is a waste, but the positive effect is the participants of the meeting or meetings will be more concentrated and give their ideas to the fullest without being distracted by other problems such as traffic jams on the way to work, problems at home and obstacles outside the company , With the support of the company so that employees are not bothered by other things outside the company the employee is expected to make the maximum contribution for the development of the company.

3. Manager Open, Decisive, and Democrats
Leadership of a manager is pointing the right way for the company. They are the master of the ship that will determine whether the company will achieve the goal or not. Authoritative leadership must be owned by a company manager, but with dignity does not mean being closed to employees. Quite the open attitude of a leader who will receive feedback and suggestions from subordinates will help a manager to lead the company or department subordinate. The firmness in leading and decision-making is required by a manager, because in their hands the decision will be the road taken by the company will determine the development and operations of the company. IT managers must also be accountable for their decisions in front of the board of directors is not always to blame incompetent subordinates do his bidding. We recommend that every decision involving multiple parties, whether subordinate or other related parties. With the input of the other then the manager may consider and take appropriate decisions and satisfy many parties.

The relationship between managers and subordinates should be good and awake. As much as there may be a 2-way relationships between managers and subordinates, not a unidirectional relationship where the manager kept giving orders to subordinates without going to hear complaints and feelings of subordinates. If there is a harmonious relationship as a family in a company it will create a solid working team and strong in running the company.

4. Comfortable Working Environment and Support
A worker spent nearly half his life in a day at the office. So the office is the second place after the house became a place where workers are longest. For the comfortable office environment, conducive and supportive work is absolutely necessary. Work environment does not mean only the office, but also including work atmosphere, and the relationship between employees of the company. If one part of the work environment there which made it uncomfortable worker it will impact on the declining performance and the employer's contribution to the company.

The office is a place of work where the comfort of the office depends on the cleanliness, neatness, serenity, beauty, and the appropriate air temperatures, as well as the layout of the furniture and the rooms were good. Working devices that support should not be overlooked. Do not force savings on office devices that can hinder workers. Some companies sometimes retain an old computer that likes to crash the grounds can still be used when it is exactly his slowness and devices make time work and sometimes inhibit older workers when the device is damaged. Comfortable office will make the employees feel at home and not in a hurry to leave the office so that the worker is more concentrated in doing his job. A family atmosphere in the office needs to be fostered so that employees feel as part of the company and have a sense of responsibility on the company to maintain the company's good name. There must be no envy, cynicism, or there is a conflict among the employees because it would interfere with the work and performance of the company.

It should be noted also how employee leave and go home from the office. When employees live too far away from the office then to think about how when hampered and delayed jammed up at the office. There are good companies provide shuttle employees because in addition to helping employees will also familiarize the employee because there is story time on the way to or from the office.

5. Open and Always Learning
Development of business so quickly. So many areas that support a business for example the field of information technology. So many changes that occur outside of the company, therefore we should not be closed and must try to accept the changes. By constantly studying the changes and development of a company will be able to compete with other companies and are not left behind by the trends and developments that continue to run. Companies must learn and apply a variety of developments and changes that can provide an effective and efficient benefits for the company. Thus, the company will always be able to flourish, and go along with the changes and developments.

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